The ham radio receiver of the 21st century is mostly software. It is called a Software Defined Radio or SDR for short.

This is a brief tutorial for the use and installation of Scalpel on OSX. The first thing to do is to download the TRE (regex) library open your download folder via a terminal and type in. Scalpel options are described in the Scalpel man page, 'scalpel.1'. You may also execute Scalpel w/o any command line arguments to see a: list of options. NOTE: Compilation is necessary on Unix platforms and on Mac OS X. For: Windows platforms, a precompiled scalpel.exe is provided. If you do: wish to recompile Scalpel on Windows, you'll need a. If OS X didn't exist, I'd still be using Windows and SSHing everywhere. But OS X is a happy combination of the tools I want to use (including ones that don't exist on Linux-I use TextMate 2, for example, because I'm not a big fan of Sublime Text) and a desktop environment that doesn't make me endure it rather than enjoy it.

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SDR RCVR Demo

The small SDR hardware pictured above is an entry-level unit. When paired with free SDR software (running on a PC), it can serve as a beginner's ham radio receiver or as a standby receiver for an amateur radio station.

Out of the many features and advantages of a quality SDR receiver, I especially like its effectiveness in picking extremely weak signals out of the noise and surrounding interference.

One can narrow down the bandpass filter to just enough for the signal one wants to receive. The SDR filters are truly like 'brick walls' that one can erect around the wanted signal. Best of all, there is no annoying 'ringing' on top! Just a pure signal. :)

Simply astounding!

How Does SDR work?

First, as with any other radio receiver, the antenna is connected to the SDR's 'hardware' RF front-end. Its purpose is to...

1. Interface physically with the antenna for optimum RF energy transfer to the receiver.
2. Serve as low-pass or band-pass filter.
3. Amplify the signals.
4. Convert the frequency of signals down to an intermediate frequency (IF) suitable for the ADC stage that follows.

A SDR Block Diagram

The departure from a conventional ham radio receiver starts here.

Prelude To A Soft Process

The amplified IF analog signal produced by the RF front-end is fed to an analog-to-digital-converter (ADC).

The digital output of the ADC is then fed to a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA).

1. The FPGA extracts the 'I' and 'Q' components of the signal.
   The 'I' and 'Q' signal pair is called a complex signal. It is produced in the FPGA by two frequency mixers having a phase shift of 90° between them.
   
2. The I/Q output of the FPGA is then fed to the USB 2 programmable controller.
   
3. The software defined radio, running on the PC, takes its I/Q data from the USB 2 controller. The SDR software...
   a) extracts the information from the signal for audio output;
   b) displays a graphical user interface giving the user access to control functions and a variety of selectable visual outputs.

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PC O/S Critical!

All of the signal demodulation and spectral functions are done by the SDR software on your PC.

Most SDR ham radio receiver implementations will usually (at least) support AM, WFM, USB, LSB, N-FM, DSB and CW with fully adjustable DSP filter bandwidths ... down to below 1 Hz in some cases!

The SDR is hosted by the O/S of your computer, just like any other application. The majority of the SDR implementations run on some flavor of Microsoft Windows®.

However, an increasing number of SDR projects are now turning to the Linux open source operating system which offers...

• much faster signal handling and process-to-process communications,
• far greater stability,
• much more flexibility.

Ham Radio Receiver
Software Upgrades At No Cost!

On top of its higher performance and flexibility, a SDR offers ham radio operators the neat advantage of being able to add new functions and features to their ham radio receiver at no cost!

All you have to do is download and install
the latest version of the SDR software and presto!
You have a brand new ham radio receiver.
Neat! ;-)

SDR Implementations
For Ham Radio

Noteworthy SDR implementations, suitable as ham radio receivers are:

• WinRadio WR-G313e®
• RF Space CLOUD-IQ®
• MicrotelecomPerseus®
• WeakSignals WinRad®
• SDRplay Ltd, SDRplay®
• NooElec RTL-SDRs
  
• Ettus Research LLC USRP1 & USRP2 Designed for GNU Radio software. Research grade (expensive).
  

I have to mention here...

• the exceptional ANAN transceivers produced by Apache Labs. You have to hear the signals you receive with them to believe their published outstanding specs!
• and also worthy of mention are the very popular FlexRadio Systems™ transceivers.

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Choosing A Receiver

Choosing one of the many ham radio receivers on the market can be an intimidating experience, especially if you are an aspiring ham or just beginning.

After all, it's your money that is a stake!

The ham radio receiver you choose should ideally meet your present and future needs .. as well as fit your budget, of course!

As every good ham radio operator does, you will listen a lot more than you will transmit.

As months and years go buy, your listening requirements will become increasingly demanding.

Therefore, your ham radio receiver must be up to the task, and remain so for a long time!

Why SDR?

Frankly, I would recommend that your first ... or next amateur radio receiver be a Software Defined Radio (SDR) receiver.

Let me explain.

Your first (or last) communications receiver will have helped you discover what you really want out of a receiver.

Sooner or later, you will end up leafing through online catalogs and roaming the Internet in search of the 'ideal receiver'.

Might as well choose a receiver that can and will
change as your needs and preferences change
with experience.

What kind of receiver can keep up with you? A Software Defined Radio Receiver (SDR)!

When you buy a SDR receiver from a responsible manufacturer, software upgrades will be free of charge.

Getting Acquainted
With SDR

A SDR receiver kit is a great way to acquire experience and knowledge of Software Defined Radios.

WB5RVZ will give you all the introductory information you need to get started. His website is extremely well done.

The Ensemble RX III SDR Receiver is the latest version in the long line of descendants of the hugely popular SoftRock 40.

You can even go one step beyond ... and build the Ensemble RXTX SDR Transceiver!

HF Only
Or VLF to SHF?

To keep the cost down, you might want to limit yourself to a HF SDR. But, like every new technology, prices go down fast and what you could not afford eight months to a year ago ... may well have become affordable since then!

I have seen SDR solutions that cover VLF to SHF for only about double the price of a HF SDR!

Keep in mind that a well designed SDR receiver will give you performance approaching that of hardware-only ham radio receivers that cost thousands of dollars more!

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Operating Systems (O/S)

However, you should be aware that...

• Most SDR software runs on some flavor of Microsoft Windows™.
• Microsoft Windows™ was never designed to handle inter-process communications in real-time!
• Microsoft Windows™ was designed as a personal computer operating system.

Windows was designed to run one application - by one person - at any given time.

• If the user of a Windows PC starts many applications, the only application running is the one with the active window (the window of the application that the user is presently working with).
• All the other applications that were started (and not closed) are essentially put to 'sleep' in the background - waiting to be reactivated by the user.
  

Therefore, some of the major ham radio SDR players are working on porting their SDR to true multi-user and multitasking operating systems such as:

• the Linux O/S
  
• the Intel-based Mac OS X.

'Soft' VS 'Hard'
Approach

Hardware only receivers limit you to what you bought and force you to buy the new models to get the extra features you want!

On the other hand, (and fortunately) SDR lets you upgrade your ham radio receiver to include new features as they become available. It's simple. You just download and install the new software version. In almost all cases these upgrades are free of charge!

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The SDR Revolution

Software defined radio (SDR) has all the potential of revolutionizing ham radio because...

• It is making 'near' military grade receiver performance available to ham radio operators.
  
• It is making $10,000+ receiver performance accessible for less than $1000 in most cases.
  
• It is strengthening convergence between ham radio and the Internet.

This last statement is very significant because, let's face it, the Web had been eroding the ranks of ham radio for years by diverting the attention of potential new recruits away from amateur radio.

But that was before the advent of SDR!

Making The Transition To
Software Defined Radio

Most ham radio operators love to 'play' with electronic equipment. I am definitely one of them!

One piece of electronic equipment that certainly has earned its place in the shack is the personal computer (PC). Most amateur radio use PCs under the Windows operating system (O/S).

An increasing number of hams are using the much more efficient and versatile Linux O/S. Some, like me, also use Macs and its OS X operating system for its ease of use - not to mention

• no need for antivirus software and
  
• overall user-friendliness.

But I digress. ;)

One of the most successful uses of a PC in the shack has been to use one as graphical interface (GUI) to control the the operating functions of our beloved transceiver!

Rig control software, such as 'Ham Radio Deluxe' and others, was the first step toward morphing RCVR and XCVR hardware into software.

But the receiver performance remained bound by the limits of the hardware.

Affordable High Performance

Fact is, few of us could afford receivers equipped with Collins filters and other such sophisticated - and expensive - components. Even those expensive Collins filters could have a 'nice' annoying ring to them under some circumstances ;-)

Now a software defined radio does all signal processing in - you guessed it - software, specially optimized to use the awesome power of modern CPUs in modern PCs.

What an amazing difference in performance that made! And, to top it all, most SDR software is free!

The performance of a SDR receiver is truly as big a revolution as when the transistor replaced vacuum tubes! (Tubes were more appropriately called 'valves' when they were first invented).

To believe SDR performance, you have to hear one. You have to experience the 'cliff walled' bandpass filtering and 'scalpel sharp' notch filtering of a sophisticated software defined radio to really grasp the extent of the power of a SDR receiver.

SDR has literally opened up new horizons to those making full use of it. A SDR receiver can make your trusted dipole sound like a multi-element beam! Well, ok, not quite, but ...

At least, better enough to bring a 'beaming' smile to your face! :-)

Software Defined Radio
On The Web

Nowadays, a ham radio operator or club - with access to broadband Internet bandwidth - can give access to their SDR receiver to anyone on the Web! That goes a long way toward introducing ham radio to individuals who are curious about amateur radio.

A very good example of this is the WebSDR server software running under the Linux operating system. The true multiuser/multitasking capability of Linux allows hundreds of Internet users/listeners to listen and tune the SDR receiver simultaneously on the Web in real time.

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A SDR Ham Radio Receiver
Demo And Review

I own a SDR receiver and I use it as my primary ham radio receiver. It works wonders to pull weak signals out of the noise - be it QRN or QRM!

With the (GUI graphical user interface) of the SDRMAX software, I can see at a glance what activity there is on any portion of the radio spectrum between 10 KHz and 62 MHz. The software lets me zoom in on any portion of the big chunk of spectrum - or view the entire 62 MHz portion at once. See the video demo below.

No more blindly hunting around for weak signals during poor propagation conditions! I can see the tiniest flicker of life.

In its own way, the QS1R makes up for the fact that I do not have high gain directional antennas, yet! I only have a general purpose Carolina Windom for 160M-10M HF operations and a homemade folded dipole for 6 meters.

There are three main 'components' to the QS1R SDR receiver (as well as most others).

The QS1R SDR Receiver

The hardware part which physically interfaces with the antenna system.

The firmware programs the logic components of the SDR. Its role is to extract I/Q signals from the RF energy received by the antenna. No signal processing done here, yet.

The software - called 'SDRMAX' - that transforms the I/Q signals from the SDR into useful outputs: digital, audio and the graphical user interface (GUI) (a.k.a.visual display).
The SDRMAX software runs on a PC. It takes care of all the signal processing otherwise normally done by electronic circuitry in a ham radioreceiver.

When I produced the video demo, the software version at the time was SDRMAX 3. The present version is SDRMAX 5.

QS1R Features

Among the QS1R's many unique features, the ones that sold me are (for the RevD that I own):

• Software and firmware are open source (I love to tinker with things 'under the hood' ;-) The SDK (software development kit) is available without having to sign a license agreement.
  
• Software - currently SDRMAX V - is available for Windows. The Linux and Mac OS X versions are available upon request.
  
• The separate server and GUI softwares allows remote operation over local network and/or over the Internet! Now that is really neat.
  
• Basic frequency coverage (10 kHz to 62 MHz) includes the 6 meter band! In fact, it is noticeably more sensitive on 6M than my brand new IC-7200!
  
• Provisions for future expand-ability such as the QS1E Direct Up-conversion Exciter/Transmitter!

Note: The QS1R is no longer manufactured :(

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73 de VE2DPE
Claude Jollet
7, Rue de la Rive, Notre-Dame-des-Prairies, Québec, Canada J6E 1M9

QTH Locator: FN36gb

Looking for a approach to set up and run OS X on an exterior exhausting drive? This may be helpful for a few completely different causes. Firstly, it lets you run one other copy of OS X with no need any further Mac laptop.

Also, since you may run a full copy of OS X on the exterior drive, it may be used for troubleshooting functions on different Macs or it may be as a type of digital OS X. I’ve already written about how one can set up OS X in VMware Fusion, however that takes up house in your Mac. Using an exterior drive, it can save you house in your Mac, although it is perhaps a bit slower in case you are utilizing USB 2.0.

In this text, I’ll stroll you thru the necessities and steps to put in OS X onto an exterior exhausting drive.

Format External Hard Disk

The very first thing you’re going to wish to do is format the exterior exhausting drive correctly. The file format must be Mac OS X Journaled and it’s a must to use the GUID partition map. To do that, open Disk Utility and join the drive to your Mac.

Under External within the left hand menu, click on in your exterior exhausting drive and then click on on the Erase button. Make positive you backup any knowledge earlier than you erase the drive. When you click on Erase, a dialog will pop up the place you may configure some choices.

Give your drive a reputation, select OS X Extended (Journaled) for Format and GUID Partition Map for Scheme. It ought to solely take a minute or two for the drive to be erased and reformatted. Now your drive is prepared for OS X.

Install OS X

There are two methods you may set up OS X on to your exterior exhausting disk: by reinstalling OS X from the OS X Utilities restore display or by downloading OS X from the App Store and operating the installer. I’ll present you each strategies in case one isn’t working for you.

The easiest method is to obtain OS X from the App Store. Once you open the App Store, you’ll see a hyperlink on the fitting for the newest model of OS X (El Capitan as of this writing).

Go forward and click on the Download button to begin downloading the installer. Note that if you have already got that model of OS X put in, you’ll see a popup message seem asking for those who nonetheless wish to proceed or not. Just click on Continue.

Once it has been downloaded, simply double-click the installer, which will likely be positioned within the Applicationsfolder.

Keep clicking previous the license settlement, and so on., till you get to the display that asks you which ones disk to put in OS X on. By default, it’s set to MacEbook.

Click on the Show All Disks button and you’ll see an icon for the completely different disks and partitions on the Mac. I named my exterior exhausting drive OS X and that reveals up within the center.

You may also inform it’s an exterior exhausting disk as a result of it makes use of the icon with the orange exhausting drive. Click Continue and then comply with the directions to finish the set up. Note that your laptop might restart throughout the set up and you don’t should do something. OS X will mechanically proceed putting in onto the exterior exhausting drive slightly than booting as much as your inside model of OS X.

At the tip of this text, I’ll present you find out how to boot as much as the exterior exhausting drive, so skip down for those who ended up utilizing the App Store methodology. Note that by default, the Mac will begin booting up on to the exterior exhausting drive till you alter it.

The second methodology to put in OS X is to restart the Mac and press and maintain the COMMAND + R keys. This will load up OS X Recovery.

The OS X Utilities display will seem and right here you wish to click on on Reinstall OS X. Again, you’ll undergo some fundamental screens, however once you get to the exhausting disk display, click on on Show All Disks once more.

Using this methodology, you’ll should login utilizing your Apple ID and password in order that all the OS X installer may be downloaded off of Apple’s servers. Whichever methodology you select, it is going to take wherever from 15 to 30+ minutes to put in OS X onto your exterior exhausting drive.

Scalpel Mac Os X Installer

While OS X is putting in, your laptop will restart a few instances. Note that when it lastly boots into OS X, that’s the model operating off your exterior drive. To swap again and forth between the inner and exterior drive, it’s a must to restart your laptop and maintain down the OPTION key.

Scalpel Mac Os X Installer

When you try this, it is best to see at the very least 4 icons. In my case, I’ve 5 as a result of I’ve Windows put in utilizing Boot Camp. Anyway, the gray MacEbook and Recovery 10.11.2 icons are for my inside OS X and the orange OS X and Recovery 10.11.3 are for the model put in on my exterior drive.

Scalpel Mac Os X Installed

Use the arrow keys to pick which drive in addition from and then merely press Enter. If you could have a more moderen Mac and a USB drive that helps USB 3.0, all the pieces ought to run pretty quick. Overall, it’s a reasonably straight-forward course of and took me lower than an hour to get all the pieces working. If you could have any questions, be at liberty to remark. Enjoy!